Seizures and Epilepsy in Bulldogs

Your bulldog goes stiff, drops, and paddles. For thirty seconds the whole world stops.

Epilepsy is a type of seizure, but not every seizure is epilepsy. Under five years of age the usual cause is idiopathic epilepsy. Over five, something else is usually driving it, and that something is often treatable.

Here is how to tell a true seizure from its two imposters, what to do in the moment, and the three signs that turn a seizure into an emergency.

Jump to:8 seizure causes9 signs to watch7 steps during a seizure7 owner questions

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Dr. K’s Quick Answer

Epilepsy is a type of seizure, but not every seizure is epilepsy. In a bulldog under five, the usual cause is idiopathic epilepsy, a genetic origin is strongly suspected, and it is managed with medication.

A first seizure after the age of five is less likely to be epilepsy and needs a proper work up for an underlying cause: a brain tumor, liver disease, low blood sugar, a toxin or head trauma.

The bulldog head shake is seldom seizure activity at all. A seizure lasting more than a few minutes, or clusters in one day, is an emergency.

Seizure, Convolution, and Epilepsy in Bulldogs and Fr. Bulldog INTRODUCTION

Bulldog and French bulldog seizures are neither a disease nor a single cause They are neurological conditions where abnormal electrical activity in the brain causes sudden, uncontrolled movements or behaviors. Health issues such as infections, toxins, or metabolic disorders can cause seizures. Seizures are episodes of disturbed brain activity that manifest in various forms such as:

1. Convulsions
2. Sensory disturbances
3. Loss of consciousness

Epilepsy often has an underlying genetic epilepsy origin

Keep your Bulldog safe, time the episode, and contact your veterinarian. A prolonged or repeated seizure needs urgent care.

Bulldog Seizures and Epilepsy 5 MUST KNOW

1. Epilepsy is a type of seizure, but not all seizures in bulldogs are due to epilepsy.
2. The causes of epilepsy are often unknown, and it is the most prevalent form of seizure among young bulldogs.
3. In contrast, seizures in older bulldogs are generally linked to diseases or pathologies, such as brain tumors.
4. Bulldog idiopathic head tremors are seldom a result of seizure activity.
5. Epilepsy is typically managed with medication, while treatment for other types of seizures depends on the underlying cause.

What is Bulldog Epilepsy (idiopathic Seizures)?

Epilepsy is a disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures. Many Bulldog owners assume that epilepsy and seizures are the same thing, but while epilepsies are indeed seizures, not every seizure is epilepsy.

While all epileptic conditions involve seizures, not all seizures indicate epilepsy.

#1 SEIZURE IN BULLDOG UNDER 5 YEARS OF AGE:

The most frequent reason for seizures in bulldogs and French bulldog puppies less than five years old is idiopathic epilepsy.  Although the precise cause is unknown, a genetic origin is strongly suspected. Because of this likely hereditary factor, breeding bulldogs with a history of epilepsy is strongly discouraged, as it can pass the condition on to future generations.

🚨Breeding bulldogs and Fr. bulldogs with a history of epilepsy is strongly discouraged

#2 SEIZURES IN BULLDOG OVER 5 YEARS OF AGE:

Bulldogs and Fr. bulldogs who begin experiencing seizures after the age of five are less likely to suffer from idiopathic epilepsy and therefore be thoroughly evaluated for other common underlying causes.

What Are The 3 Types of Bulldog Seizures (Plus 2 Imposter)?

1. Seizure of Unknown Origen (Epilepsy)
2. Non Epileptic Seizures
3. Focal Partial Seizure

Bulldog Head Tremors is usually idiopathic and though often scary is not likely a seizure and is considered harmless. Paroxysmal dyskinesias is our second “imposter”.

What Are Bulldog Head Tremors?

The “bulldog head shake” is often mistaken by owners for something more serious. While these sudden head-bobbing episodes can be startling, they’re typically harmless and seldom linked to seizures.

What Is Paroxysmal Dyskinesia (PD) in Pets

Paroxysmal dyskinesias are often confused with epilepsy but in contrast to epilepsy they don’t lose consciousness.

Gluten-free hydrolyzed protein diet has been effective in some cases.

What Are the 3 Seizure Stages in Bulldogs and French Bulldogs?

Seizures are typically classified based on three key factors:

• Presentation: How do they appear or manifest? (e.g., full-body convulsions vs. subtle twitching)

• Duration: How long do they last? (a few seconds, several minutes, or prolonged episodes)

• Frequency: How often do they occur? (isolated incident, recurring, or in clusters)

#1 FOCAL vs. GENERALIZED SEIZURES:

•    Focal seizures in bulldogs are often subtle and less dramatic, affecting only a specific part of the body, like a twitching limb or facial muscle, and can be easy to miss.
•    Generalized seizures, on the other hand, are far more noticeable, involving the entire body with symptoms like
  • full-body convulsions
  • loss of consciousness
  • and uncontrolled movements.

#2  STATUS SEIZURES vs. CLUSTER SEIZURES

• Cluster seizures are defined as multiple seizures occurring close together, with the bulldog not fully recovering between episodes.
•  Status Epilepticus:  a prolonged, continuous seizure lasting more than a few minutes without interruption is known as status epilepticus, a true medical emergency requiring immediate intervention.

🚨Continuous status epilepticus seizure requires immediate intervention!

What Causes Seizures in Bulldogs and French Bulldogs?

1. Idiopathic epilepsy (unknown origin):  This is likely the most common cause of seizures in young bulldogs and is most often associated with generalized seizures. The cause remains unknown, though there may be a genetic component.
2. Hypoglycemia (Low Blood Sugar) Hypoglycemia is a more common cause of seizures in infants and young puppies, typically due to inadequate food intake or fasting. In mature bulldogs, seizures caused by hypoglycemia are rare and are usually linked to a rare pancreatic tumor that excessively secretes insulin.
3. Toxins & Poison Exposure to various toxins and poisons can also lead to seizures.
   • Metaldehyde (snail bait)
   • Lead
   • Organophosphates ( weed killers)
   • Pyrethrin’s  (used in insecticides)
4. Brain tumors are more common in aging bulldogs and rare in younger dogs.
5. Head Trauma A physical injury to the head can lead to acute seizures.
6. Heat Stroke Overheating in Bulldogs, especially during hot weather or excessive exercise, can trigger seizures.
7. Liver Disease Liver conditions such as a liver shunt (portosystemic shunt, PSS) can be congenital or acquired, like portal hypertension.
8. Viral, Infectious, and Inflammatory Diseases Certain diseases, like canine distemper and rabies

Seizures Symptoms in Bulldogs and French Bulldogs 

There is a significant difference in seizure manifestation when comparing focal to generalized ones

#1 BULLDOG FOCAL SEIZURES:

Focal seizures, also known as partial seizures, affect only one part of the brain and can result in more localized symptoms. Common behaviors associated with focal seizures include:

• Fly-biting behavior: A movement that looks like the dog is snapping at flies when no flies are present.
• Focal twitching: Twitches that occur in one area or side of the body without affecting the whole body.

#2  BULLDOG GENERALIZED SEIZURES

Generalized seizures involve multiple regions of the brain and cause symptoms that affect the entire body. These seizures are typically more severe and include:

• Grand mal (clonic-tonic) seizures: characterized by stiffening of the body (tonic phase) followed by rhythmic jerking (clonic phase).
• Incontinence: loss of control over the bladder and bowels during the seizure.
• Teeth chattering: rapid clattering of teeth, which can be accompanied by other facial muscle spasms.
• Recumbency with leg peddling: The dog may lie down and move its legs as if running or cycling.
• Loss of consciousness: The dog may appear unresponsive or dazed.
• Stiffness: generalized muscle rigidity across the body.
• Vocalization: making noises, which may include barking or crying out, usually due to disorientation or distress.

The Three Stages of Seizure and Epilepsy in Bulldogs:

Understanding the stages of a seizure can help bulldog owners better manage and respond to these episodes. Seizures generally have three distinct phases:

Stage 1: BULLDOG PRE-SEIZURE (Aura)

The aura is the initial stage where your bulldog might sense an impending seizure. This phase serves as a warning that a seizure is about to begin. Signs to watch for include

• seeking extra attention
• appearing restless
• exhibiting unusual behavior.

Stage 2: BULLDOG ACTIVE SEIZURES (Ictus)

The ictus is the seizure event itself. This phase can last from a few seconds to several minutes.

Stage 3: BULLDOG POST-SEIZURES (Post-Ictal)

Following the seizure, during the post-ictal phase, your bulldog may seem

• confused
• disoriented
• do not recognize familiar surroundings or people
• impaired coordination

⚠️ This phase duration can vary from a few minutes to several hours.

When Should I Seek Veterinary Help For My Bulldog Seizure?

It is crucial to seek veterinary care for seizures that

1. last a long time (more than a few minutes)
2. for repeated cluster seizures within the same day
3.  if your bulldog experiences a prolonged post-ictal recovery.

How to Care for Your Bulldog During a Seizure?

Caring for a bulldog during a seizure involves ensuring safety and closely monitoring the situation. Here are some practical steps to follow:

#1 Create a Safe Environment:

1. Move your bulldog away from sharp objects, furniture, and stairs that could cause injury during a seizure.
2. Use pillows, carpets, and blankets to cushion any potential blows to the head and body.

#2 Optimal Head Positioning:

1. Check the head position to ensure it is safe and clear from any objects.
2. Trying to touch the mouth could result in bites.

#3 Adequate Monitoring:

1. Note the duration and frequency of the seizure. This information is crucial for your vet to understand the severity and pattern of the seizures.
2. Have an adult stay close to or sleep near your bulldog

#4 Use of Alarming Accessories:

Attach a bell to your bulldog’s harness or collar. This can help alert you to any movements that might indicate the start of a seizure, especially during the night. 🔔

#5 Watch for Accidents:

Observe for any unusual urine or fecal accidents, which might indicate a seizure occurred when you were not present.

#6 Documentation & Recordings:

1. If possible, take a video of the seizure event. This can provide your veterinarian with valuable information for diagnosis and treatment.
2. Note any specific symptoms or behaviors you observe during the seizure.

#7 Check Body Temperature:

1. If possible, take your bulldog’s temperature. A temperature over 105 to 106°F might lead to a heat stroke and therefore warrants immediate veterinary attention.
2. To help reduce high body temperatures, spray cool water on your dog and place a fan nearby while continually monitoring the temperature.

Seizures and Epilepsy in Bulldogs / DIAGNOSIS:

Medical exam:

• pet’s age
• video of the event when possible
• timesheet duration of the event
• history of past events
• toxins or poisons in and around the house

Blood test: including

• blood sugar
• liver enzymes
• and a bile acid test

Radiograph and ultrasound: abdominal for liver size MRI, CAT Scans for suspected brain injuries and tumors Spinal Fluid for suspected central nervous system disease  Nuclear scintigraphy for liver shunt

How To Prevent Seizures and Epilepsy in Bulldogs and Fr. Bulldogs

• Annual Blood screenings
• Vaccination, including distemper and rabies
• Protect your house and environment from toxic material and poison

How to Treat Bulldog and Fr. Bulldog Epilepsy and Seizures?

The treatment approach for bulldog seizures depends on the underlying cause. Here are some common treatment options:

#1. SEIZURES DUE TO LIVER DISEASE TREATMENT:

• Liver shunts can often be surgically repaired.
• When surgery is not an option, medical management may involve dietary changes and medications to support liver function.

#2. SEIZURES DUE TO LOW SUGAR TREATMENT:

• Bulldog puppies with hypoglycemia may require short-term intravenous treatment with glucose and proper feeding
• For adults with insulinoma, surgery might be necessary to remove the tumor.

#3. EPILEPSY SEIZURES IN BULLDOGS TREATMENT:

Various anticonvulsant medications can be used to manage seizures in bulldogs. These include:

1. Phenobarbital: is often the first-line treatment due to its effectiveness, low cost, and limited side effects. It can not be used in bulldogs with liver disease and requires regular blood test monitoring for elevated liver enzymes and blood levels of the drug.
2. Potassium Bromide: in combination with phenobarbital or liver disease cases, it will be used alone as a sole treatment
3. Other treatment options that were previously costly but are now marketed at more affordable prices include
4. Zonisamide
5. Keppra (Levetiracetam)
6. These medications have become more accessible for managing seizures in conditions like epilepsy, making them a viable option for a broader range of patients.
7. Valium (Diazepam) is not typically used for long-term seizure control but can be administered intravenously in emergencies for short-term seizure control.

Seizure Monitoring in Bulldogs and French Bulldogs

Some medications, like phenobarbital, require regular monitoring of blood levels and liver enzymes to ensure efficacy and safety. Based on these results, dosage adjustments may be required.

Bulldog Seizure and Epilepsy Supportive Care:

Supportive care is essential alongside medication; this includes maintaining

• a safe environment
• proper nutrition
• supplementation
• regular veterinary check-ups

Seizures and Epilepsy in Bulldogs / PROGNOSIS:

Watching your bulldog puppy experience an epileptic event can be frightening and may seem painful or even life-threatening. However, death is unlikely when the condition is managed promptly. With proper treatment and care, most bulldogs with epilepsy can live relatively normal lives with a good life expectancy. ⚠️ On the other hand, the prognosis for non-epileptic seizures varies depending on the underlying cause and is determined on a case-by-case basis.

Veterinary Care and Supportive Products

A first seizure always earns a veterinary examination, and a seizure that runs past a few minutes, repeats within the same day, or is followed by a prolonged recovery is an emergency rather than an appointment. No supplement treats or prevents epilepsy. For the head tremor and head bobbing episodes so often mistaken for seizures, explore the Vet4Bulldog options selected for Bulldogs and French Bulldogs.

• Request an appointment
• Ask Dr. Kraemer
• Explore Bulldog head tremor and nerve support

More Help from Dr. Kraemer

Every seizure story starts differently. These guides and answered questions help you work out which one you are looking at:

• 3 types of Bulldog seizures, and two that are not
• Head tremors, bobbing, nodding and head shaking
• 3 common Bulldog emergencies you should know about
• Heat stroke in Bulldogs and French Bulldogs
• Hemp and CBD in Bulldogs and French Bulldogs

About the Author

Roy Kraemer, DVM, is a veterinarian with extensive clinical experience caring for Bulldogs and French Bulldogs. His educational work emphasizes early recognition, accurate diagnosis before treatment, responsible medication use, and veterinary evaluation when disease is persistent or severe.

Trusted by Vets ~ Recommended by Owners ~ Loved by Bulldogs

References

• Merck Veterinary Manual. Seizure Disorders in Dogs
• American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine. Consensus Statement on Epilepsy in Dogs
• WSAVA. Guidelines for the Responsible Use of Medication